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ICON Group International, Inc. (an IG Ltd Company)
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Statistics across Cultures ICON Group International, Inc. (an IG Ltd Company) |
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ESTIMATION PROCEDURE: ETHNIC CULTURES
The method used to generate the statistics involved the following steps:
Country Census: First, an exhaustive list of nations, dependencies, and territories was created in order to include all populated areas of the world; these will be referred to as countries, as listed in Appendix B. Total population estimates were obtained for each of these countries. When population estimates across published sources were not consistent (e.g. for the year 1994) or were unavailable, best estimates were obtained via extrapolation from previous years, or from non-published sources (e.g. governmental authorities). Population estimates across countries, in 1994, are given in Appendix B.
Ethnic Group Identification: Second, for each of the 235 countries listed in Appendix B, detailed population statistics broken down by ethnic group were collected from various national and international sources. Inconsistencies which exist across sources include estimates of a given ethnic group's population (usually reported as a percent of the total population), the number of ethnic groups present, the identity of ethnic groups present, or the time period when such estimates are generated. Such inconsistencies were dealt with by (1) setting a target date of mid-1994 for population estimation, and (2) combining estimates across sources while giving more weight to more recent and complete sources. In virtually all cases, this procedure results in original estimates of ethnic group representation within each of the countries present, and, to my knowledge, the most complete enumeration of ethnic representation for the world's population. Not all ethnic groups are, however, represented in official statistics as these may represent too small a percentage (e.g. the Navaho ), or are simply unknown with any measure of accuracy. In these cases, a group called “other” has been created for each country. This percent, by country, is reported in Appendix A. Given the existence of this “other” category, the reader should understand that the statistics reported for a given ethnic group represent estimates where that group represents enough of a population to be considered a substantial member of the country’s social fabric. Appendix A lists the ethnic groups covered, and their populations across countries, as estimated for mid-year 1994. Appendix A provides, therefore, the specific working definition of a particular ethnic group used. It is important to note that the groups are actually ethno-linguistic groups and not racial groups. Appendix C lists a number of references used to identify and quantify ethnic groups across countries. It should be noted that the working definition of an ethnic or ethno-linguistic group has limitations for certain types of research. A number of scholarly works in ethnology note that ethnic groups are often difficult to separate into clean groupings. A rather pragmatic approach was used to overcome this problem: the groupings reported by national and international sources are used. This causes, for example, certain ethnic groups to be considered separately from others, though some ethnologists would consider these to be identical at a certain level. As the estimates reported are at a certain level of detail using the procedure described above, the reader may be best served by combining estimates across certain groups reported here.
Variable Estimates Across Countries: Third, for each of the variables reported, data were collected at the national level for as many countries as possible. For most of the variables reported which describe a ethnic groups’ exogenous resources, relatively precise measures were available for all countries of the world (e.g. land areas). For many variables which cover more endogenous social and economic dimensions, as complete an enumeration as possible was conducted by combining various sources, listed in the bibliography. For many variables, estimates are incomplete by either not existing at all for a given ethnic group or for only a limited number of countries having the group present. As such, for those variables having least cross-country representation, the appropriate caveat should be emphasized. The national estimates are provided in Parker, National Cultures: A Statistical Reference, Greenwood Press.
Estimates Across Ethnic Groups: Fourth, given the preceding steps, estimates of variables for a given ethnic group are obtained using an appropriate weighting scheme. This involves first calculating the total population of a given ethnic group, then calculating the percent of that ethnic group residing in every country of the world (in most cases this is equal to zero as most ethnic groups exist to a substantial degree in only a few countries). A given variable is calculated, for a given ethnic group, as a weighted average across countries using these percentages as weights. All figures are reported to the third significant digit. Given this methodology, researchers must recognize certain limitations which, though many can be mitigated, merit great attention.
Finally, it should also be understood that errors are bound to have occurred during the estimation procedure (though great pains were taken to proof-read and cross-validate the input and output statistics). Given the original nature of all of the statistics reported, they should be seen, therefore, as “first generation” estimates which may require external validation (especially if the user is focusing on one particular ethnic group).
INTERPRETING ESTIMATES AND THEIR LIMITATIONS
Given the above outlined methodology with its caveats, the reader is free to interpret the statistics given that due caution is exercised. The most important problem in interpreting the estimates is the fact they are calculated based on country-level statistics, many of which are (1) themselves estimates, and (2) of unknown or possibly skewed distribution within each country. The first issue is a general problem of all cross-cultural research, including those using national definitions of culture. One can better grasp the distribution issue by distinguishing between two types of estimates: (1) exact estimates, and (2) environmental estimates. The former estimates are not affected by the distribution issue, while the later acknowledge this issue, and are most valid under certain conditions (mostly relating to how the estimates are interpreted or used in subsequent analyses). Exact estimates are those which, at the country level, have a uniform distribution across all members of each country where the ethnic group resides. An example of such a variable is “does a country live under a dictatorship (1=yes)”. In this case, the distribution across individuals is generally uniform and the estimate provided across ethnic groups reflects the exact estimate for that group (given the steps outlined above and their additional caveats). Environmental estimates, on the other hand, measure the conditions under which a given group resides. The estimate for income per capita, for example, is not the exact measure of income per capita for persons in that group. Rather, the estimate indicates that persons in a ethnic group live in societies with the estimated income level. This is true since income may not be uniformly distributed across ethnic groups within a given country. Some ethnic groups may be poorer than the average, while others will be more wealthy than the average. Environmental estimates are most useful when researchers are interested in understanding how the social environment affects the behavior of a given ethnic culture (e.g. as these are exposed to societies having an average level of income, and other forces associated with such a level). Seen in this light, all exact estimates are environmental estimates, yet not all environmental estimates are exact estimates. Most of the geographic variables are exact estimates as these measure the existence of (and not the consumption or ownership of ) natural or cultural resources (and are exogenous variables), while most of the economic and social variables are environmental (e.g. and are endogenous variables).
When and how can environmental estimates be used as proxies for exact estimates? In many cross-cultural studies, researchers are content to use national-level averages (e.g. income per capita) as these represent reasonable proxies for average behavior (even though distributions within each may be skewed). This becomes less of an issue as the number of countries studied increases. So too might researchers use the environmental estimates reported as exact estimates, though the rationale behind this is slightly different. In our case, environmental variables might be reasonable proxies if the research seeks to explain variances across a large number of groups (e.g. 300 ethnic groups) by assuming that biases which tend to over- or under-estimate a behavior will be randomly distributed across groups and, in the aggregate, be offsetting if a large number of groups are investigated simultaneously. A similar argument might be made for those groups which are located in a large number of countries (reported in Appendix A). If biases can be assumed inversely related to the number of countries where an ethnic group is represented, then environmental variables may be reasonable proxies for exact estimates if the study is limited to those groups existing across numerous countries. Additionally, one can attempt to control for biases if these are hypothesized to be based on the extent, say, to which a group is, on average, represented within countries as a minority or a majority; other relevant covariates might also be considered. Finally, environmental estimates might be used as proxies for exact estimates if the researcher has prior knowledge of underlying distributions, the ethnic groups themselves, and the variable in question that would suggest that biases are minimal. For example, environmental variables may be deemed to be reasonable exact estimates (i.e. good enough “ball parks”) in cases when their distributions overlap, in their absolute levels, to a minimal degree across groups. Consider, for example, the following comparison of ethnic groups and their estimated levels of income per capita:
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Ethnic Group |
Income per Capita |
Countries Covered |
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Somali |
$175 |
Yemen, Ethiopia, Somalia |
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Assamese |
$200 |
Bhutan |
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Japanese |
$26649 |
Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Canada, United States, Brazil, Japan |
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Norwegians |
$43998 |
Faroe Islands, Norway |
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Clearly, the orders-of-magnitude differences observed across ethnic groups in income per capita, for example, allow us to make reasonable conclusions about the relative incomes of these groups and/or analyze these estimates as a dependent variable, despite there being room to improve the estimates by relying on thorough within-country surveys (which are generally not available or incomplete in most countries of the world). As such, even for the environmental variables, many of the statistics reported often reflect the “best available” exact estimates to date. Finally, it should be noted that only those ethnic groups and populations which are substantially represented within each country are used (thus eliminating small ethnic groups). As such, the groups ultimately reported are likely to have behaviors reasonably close to average behaviors within the countries where the estimates are derived. Their aggregation, as described above, would tend to reflect this characteristic (i.e. many environmental estimates are reasonable proxies for exact estimates).
ESTIMATION TIMING
The statistics reported are based on the best estimates available during the calendar year 1994. However, in many respects, this timing should not be over emphasized. Rather, the estimates should be seen as covering the ethnic groups during the period of the “early 1990s”, or, especially in cases for economic and demographic variables, the “later part of the 20th century”. This perspective is motivated by the fact that data are often inconsistent across sources, or irregular in their availability for 1994 and were extrapolated. By combining various sources and extrapolating, the integrity of the variables was not compromised, though their exact timing (i.e. as required in time series analysis) is not exact. In cases when the variables do not reflect 1994 estimates, these are noted.
Appendix A
Ethnic Groups Across Countries
This appendix lists the ethno-linguistic groups in their order of appearance in the comparative tables. Total populations included in the estimation procedures are reported in thousands and are rounded. Due to space limitations, the titles in the comparative tables are abbreviations for the ethnic groups listed here. Countries are given in an order increasing in their absolute population of the ethnic group concerned (e.g. most members of the Afar group live in Djibouti). Many groups represent “ex-patriot” communities with particular national-ethnic identities.
Abadkis, Nepal. Total population covered= 359.
Abkhaz, Georgia. Total population covered= 99.
Acholi, Uganda. Total population covered= 886.
Afar, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia. Total population covered= 1281.
Afro-European, Jamaica. Total population covered= 379.
Akan, Ghana. Total population covered= 8631.
Albanian, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia & Montenegro, Albania. Total population covered= 5167.
Ambo, Angola. Total population covered= 206.
Amerind, Dominica, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Paraguay, Canada, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Panama, Chile, El Salvador, Honduras, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, United States, Guatemala, Mexico. Total population covered= 37038.
Amerind-Mestizo, Argentina. Total population covered= 5023.
Amhara, Ethiopia. Total population covered= 19953.
Ana-Ife, Togo. Total population covered= 117.
Andorran, Andorra. Total population covered= 15.
Angolares, Sao Tome E Principe, Portugal. Total population covered= 29.
Anouis, Ivory Coast. Total population covered= 1434.
Antandroy, Madagascar. Total population covered= 702.
Arab, other, Gibraltar, Trinidad & Tobago, Djibouti, Canada, Maldives, Bahrain, United Kingdom, Kenya, Senegal, Somalia, Mali, Saudi Arabia, Gaza Strip, Kuwait, Israel, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, France, Iran, Jordan, Tunisia, Syrian Arab Republic, Yemen, Iraq, Morocco, Algeria. Total population covered= 102019.
Arab Berber, Western Sahara, Libya. Total population covered= 4710.
Arab Emirian, United Arab Emirates. Total population covered= 560.
Arab Lebanese, Lebanon. Total population covered= 2381.
Arab Omani, Oman. Total population covered= 1243.
Arab Palestinian, Lebanon, West Bank. Total population covered= 1524.
Arab Qatar, Qatar. Total population covered= 98.
Arab Saudi, Saudi Arabia. Total population covered= 13503.
Arab Sudanic, Chad, Sudan. Total population covered= 15036.
Arab Total, Gibraltar, Trinidad & Tobago, Djibouti, Canada, Maldives, Bahrain, United Kingdom, Kenya, Senegal, Somalia, Mali, Western Sahara, Qatar, Gaza Strip, Kuwait, Israel, Turkey, France, West Bank, Oman, Iran, Chad, United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Jordan, Libya, Tunisia, Syrian Arab Republic, Yemen, Sudan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Algeria. Total population covered= 142776.
Araucanian, Chile. Total population covered= 939.
Armenian, Jordan, Canada, Bulgaria, Turkmenistan, Lebanon, Iran, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia. Total population covered= 4785.
Assamese, Bhutan. Total population covered= 217.
Assyrian, Iraq. Total population covered= 159.
Austrian, Liechtenstein, Austria. Total population covered= 7389.
Avar, Azerbaijan. Total population covered= 59.
Aymara, Peru, Bolivia. Total population covered= 2564.
Azande, Central African Republic, Sudan, Zaire. Total population covered= 3574.
Azerbaijani, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran. Total population covered= 16958.
Bagirmi Sara, Chad. Total population covered= 1827.
Bahraini, Bahrain. Total population covered= 345.
Bai, China. Total population covered= 1695.
Bakhtiari, Iran. Total population covered= 1075.
Bakongo, Angola. Total population covered= 1337.
Balante, Guinea-Bissau. Total population covered= 279.
Baluchi, United Arab Emirates, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan. Total population covered= 4864.
Bambara, Mali. Total population covered= 3232.
Bamileke-Bamum, Cameroon. Total population covered= 2322.
Banda, Zaire, Central African Republic. Total population covered= 1348.
Bangi-Ngale, Zaire. Total population covered= 2389.
Bantu, Somalia, Zimbabwe. Total population covered= 1238.
Baoule, Ivory Coast. Total population covered= 1594.
Bari, Sudan. Total population covered= 549.
Bariba, Benin. Total population covered= 492.
Barotze, Zambia. Total population covered= 727.
Baskhir, Russia. Total population covered= 1342.
Basque, St. Pierre & Miquelon, Spain. Total population covered= 904.
Bassa, Liberia. Total population covered= 396.
Batswana, Botswana. Total population covered= 1016.
Bayad, Mongolia. Total population covered= 44.
Beja, Sudan. Total population covered= 1756.
Belgian, Monaco, Luxembourg, Belgium. Total population covered= 310.
Belorussian, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Russia, Belarus. Total population covered= 10019.
Bemba, Zambia. Total population covered= 3121.
Bengali, Oman, Bangladesh. Total population covered= 119481.
Berber, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. Total population covered= 12796.
Bete, Ivory Coast. Total population covered= 2639.
Betsileo, Madagascar. Total population covered= 1550.
Betsimi-Saraka, Madagascar. Total population covered= 1974.
Bhutia, Bhutan. Total population covered= 1028.
Bihari, Bangladesh, Nepal. Total population covered= 5535.
Black Non-Native (other), Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat, Cayman Islands, Maldives, Bermuda, St. Kitts and Nevis, Guadeloupe, Costa Rica, Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Virgin Islands US, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Cape Verde, St. Lucia, Guatemala, Honduras, Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Mexico, Trinidad & Tobago, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Colombia, Venezuela, Jamaica, South Africa, Haiti, Brazil, United States. Total population covered= 71283.
Black Amerind, Colombia. Total population covered= 1019.
Boa, Zaire. Total population covered= 947.
Bobo, Mali, Burkina Faso. Total population covered= 909.
Bounty Mutineers, Norfolk Island, Pitcairn Islands, Total population covered= <1.
Brazilian, French Guiana, Portugal. Total population covered= 16.
Breton, St. Pierre & Miquelon, France. Total population covered= 577.
Bubi, Equatorial Guinea. Total population covered= 58.
Bulgarian, Moldova, Ukraine, Bulgaria. Total population covered= 7957.
Bullom, Sierra Leone. Total population covered= 167.
Bura, Nigeria. Total population covered= 1811.
Burman, Burma. Total population covered= 30799.
Bush Negro, French Guiana, Suriname. Total population covered= 43.
Bushman, Botswana. Total population covered= 46.
Capverdien, Portugal. Total population covered= 20.
Carolinians, Northern Mariana I. Total population covered= 19.
Catalan, Spain. Total population covered= 6383.
Chahar Aimak, Afghanistan. Total population covered= 558.
Chamba, Cameroon. Total population covered= 301.
Chamorro, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam. Total population covered= 82.
Chiga, Uganda. Total population covered= 1310.
Chin, Burma. Total population covered= 893.
Chinese, other, Nauru, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Christmas Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Mauritius, French Polynesia, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago, Reunion, North Korea, Brunei, Costa Rica, United Kingdom, Canada, Macau, Cambodia, Philippines, Vietnam, United States, Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand. Total population covered= 26092.
Chinese Mainland, Taiwan. Total population covered= 2912.
Chokwe, Angola, Zaire. Total population covered= 1173.
Chuang, China. Total population covered= 12110.
Chuvash, Russia. Total population covered= 1789.
Circassian, Jordan, Turkey. Total population covered= 201.
Coloured, South Africa. Total population covered= 3957.
Comorian, Madagascar, Comoros. Total population covered= 636.
Creole, Mayotte, Seychelles, Belize, Suriname, Netherlands Antilles, Mauritius. Total population covered= 1038.
Croatian, Hungary, Slovenia, Bosnia & Hercgovenia, Croatia. Total population covered= 4586.
Czech, Croatia, Slovakia, Canada, Czech Republic. Total population covered= 10094.
Dagestani, Azerbaijan, Russia. Total population covered= 1726.
Dai, China. Total population covered= 1090.
Damara, Namibia. Total population covered= 125.
Dan, Liberia, Ivory Coast. Total population covered= 922.
Danish, Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway, Denmark. Total population covered= 5028.
Dinka, Sudan. Total population covered= 3155.
Dogon, Mali. Total population covered= 405.
Dong, China. Total population covered= 2664.
Dravidian, Maldives, India. Total population covered= 224225.
Duala, Equatorial Guinea. Total population covered= 11.
Duala- Landa-Basa, Cameroon. Total population covered= 1845.
Dujia, China. Total population covered= 6055.
Dutch Non-Native (other), Suriname, Belgium, Canada. Total population covered= 442.
Dyola, Gambia, Mali. Total population covered= 389.
Edo, Nigeria. Total population covered= 3622.
Egyptian, Egypt. Total population covered= 55482.
English, Monaco, Seychelles, Macau, Guernsey, Jersey, United Kingdom. Total population covered= 46762.
Estonian, Estonia. Total population covered= 976.
Euronesian, Western Samoa. Total population covered= 22.
European Non-Native (other), Kiribati, Tuvalu, Cook Island, Faroe Islands, Montserrat, Niue, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Nauru, Sao Tome E Principe, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Bahrain, Fiji, French Polynesia, Togo, Djibouti, Mauritius, Yemen, New Caledonia, Kenya, Angola, Zimbabwe, Costa Rica, New Zealand, Canada, Argentina. Total population covered= 40735.
Ewa-Adja, Togo. Total population covered= 1773.
Ewe, Ghana. Total population covered= 1960.
Fang, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Cameroon. Total population covered= 3216.
Fijian, Fiji. Total population covered= 330.
Finnish, Estonia, Canada, Sweden, Finland. Total population covered= 5010.
Fleming, Belgium. Total population covered= 5506.
Fon, Benin. Total population covered= 3324.
Forros, Sao Tome E Principe. Total population covered= 33.
French, Mayotte, Comoros, Andorra, Martinique, Portugal, Reunion, French Guiana, Luxembourg, Monaco, Tunisia, Cameroon, Algeria, Madagascar, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, France. Total population covered= 60073.
Fulani, Mauritania, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Benin, Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso, Niger, Cameroon, Mali, Senegal, Guinea, Nigeria. Total population covered= 20883.
Fur, Sudan. Total population covered= 549.
Ga-Adangme, Ghana. Total population covered= 1285.
Gagauz, Turkey, Moldova. Total population covered= 272.
Galician, Spain. Total population covered= 3211.
Ganda, Uganda. Total population covered= 3429.
Garifuna, Belize. Total population covered= 14.
Gbaya, Central African Republic. Total population covered= 802.
Georgian, Turkey, Georgia. Total population covered= 3965.
German, Andorra, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Guam, Slovakia, Luxembourg, Denmark, Netherlands, Austria, Czech Republic, Paraguay, Romania, Kyrgyzstan, Hungary, Canada, Kazakhstan, France, Switzerland, Brazil, Germany,. Total population covered= 87748.
Gibraltarian, Gibraltar. Total population covered= 21.
Gilaki, Iran. Total population covered= 3352.
Gilbertese, Kiribati. Total population covered= 72.
Gio, Liberia. Total population covered= 224.
Gisu, Uganda. Total population covered= 1387.
Gola, Liberia. Total population covered= 144.
Grebo, Liberia. Total population covered= 258.
Greek, Monaco, Albania, Georgia, Canada, Germany, Cyprus, Greece. Total population covered= 10888.
Greenlandic, Greenland. Total population covered= 47.
Grosi, Burkina Faso. Total population covered= 499.
Guiana Chinese, French Guiana. Total population covered= 17.
Guianese Creole, French Guiana. Total population covered= 52.
Gurage, Ethiopia. Total population covered= 1747.
Gurma, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo. Total population covered= 1638.
Gurung, Bhutan. Total population covered= 276.
Gypsy, Albania, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania. Total population covered= 1017.
Han Chinese, China. Total population covered= 1128903.
Hani, China. Total population covered= 1332.
Hausa, Chad, Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria. Total population covered= 27465.
Haya, Tanzania. Total population covered= 1698.
Hazara-Dari, Afghanistan. Total population covered= 1673.
Hehet-Bena, Tanzania. Total population covered= 1986.
Herero, Namibia. Total population covered= 125.
Hottentot, Botswana. Total population covered= 34.
Hui-Vighur, China. Total population covered= 16349.
Humbe-Nyaneka, Angola. Total population covered= 555.
Hungarian, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Canada, Ukraine, Serbia & Montenegro, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary. Total population covered= 13234.
Hutu, Burundi, Rwanda. Total population covered= 11979.
Ibibio, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria. Total population covered= 5971.
Icelander, Iceland. Total population covered= 273.
Igbo, Nigeria. Total population covered= 19603.
Ijaw, Nigeria. Total population covered= 1918.
Indian Non-Native (other), Gibraltar, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Grenada, Seychelles, St. Lucia, Belize, Martinique, Swaziland, Madagascar, Brunei, United Arab Emirates, Jamaica, Qatar, Suriname, Panama, Reunion, Singapore, Yemen, Oman, Fiji, United States, Guyana, Mauritius, Trinidad & Tobago, United Kingdom, Malaysia. Total population covered= 5868.
Indo-Aryan, India. Total population covered= 645569.
Indonesian, New Caledonia. Total population covered= 6.
Iranian, Bahrain, Qatar, Pakistan. Total population covered= 10990.
Irish, Isle of Man, United Kingdom, Ireland. Total population covered= 4674.
Issa, Djibouti. Total population covered= 234.
Italian, Vatican City, Slovenia, San Marino, Monaco, Tunisia, Croatia, Luxembourg, Uruguay, France, Belgium, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Brazil, Italy. Total population covered= 76402.
Japanese, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Canada, United States, Brazil, Japan. Total population covered= 126009.
Javanese, Suriname, Indonesia. Total population covered= 76746.
Jewish, Gibraltar, Monaco, Isle of Man, Gaza Strip, Lithuania, Georgia, Canada, Uruguay, Tajikistan, Moldova, West Bank, Belarus, Ukraine, Israel. Total population covered= 5801.
Jola, Senegal. Total population covered= 635.
Kalenjin, Kenya. Total population covered= 2817.
Kamba, Kenya. Total population covered= 2948.
Kanuri, Chad, Niger, Nigeria. Total population covered= 5383.
Karakalpak, Uzbekistan. Total population covered= 455.
Kare, Central African Republic. Total population covered= 79.
Karen, Burma. Total population covered= 2767.
Kavango, Namibia. Total population covered= 141.
Kazakh, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, China, Kazakhstan. Total population covered= 9548.
Kebu-Akposo, Togo. Total population covered= 156.
Khmer, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia. Total population covered= 10314.
Kikuyu, Kenya. Total population covered= 5452.
Kimbundu, Angola. Total population covered= 2345.
Kisii, Kenya. Total population covered= 1565.
Kissi, Sierra Leone, Guinea. Total population covered= 513.
Klao, Liberia. Total population covered= 201.
Kongo, Congo, Zaire. Total population covered= 7979.
Kono, Sierra Leone. Total population covered= 234.
Konzo, Zaire. Total population covered= 412.
Koranko, Sierra Leone. Total population covered= 158.
Korean, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Canada, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, United States, China, North Korea, South Korea. Total population covered= 70715.
Kotoko, Chad. Total population covered= 126.
Kpelle, Guinea, Liberia. Total population covered= 859.
Kru, Liberia. Total population covered= 210.
Kurd, Jordan, Georgia, Armenia, Syrian Arab Republic, Iraq, Iran, Turkey. Total population covered= 16824.
Kuwaiti, Kuwait. Total population covered= 795.
Kyrgyz, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan. Total population covered= 2667.
Ladino, Guatemala. Total population covered= 4205.
Lango, Uganda. Total population covered= 1156.
Lao, Laos, Thailand. Total population covered= 18320.
Latvian, Latvia. Total population covered= 1388.
Lezgin, Azerbaijan. Total population covered= 220.
Li, China. Total population covered= 1090.
Liechtensteiner, Liechtenstein. Total population covered= 18.
Limba, Sierra Leone. Total population covered= 167.
Lithuanian, Latvia, Lithuania. Total population covered= 3065.
Lobi, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast. Total population covered= 1399.
Loma, Liberia. Total population covered= 201.
Lomwe, Malawi. Total population covered= 1970.
Lotuko, Sudan. Total population covered= 274.
Luba, Zaire. Total population covered= 7414.
Luchasi, Angola. Total population covered= 247.
Luena, Angola. Total population covered= 350.
Lugbara, Zaire. Total population covered= 824.
Luhya, Kenya. Total population covered= 3600.
Lumbe, Angola. Total population covered= 555.
Lunda, Angola. Total population covered= 123.
Luo, Kenya. Total population covered= 3339.
Luri, Iran. Total population covered= 2719.
Luxemburger, Luxembourg. Total population covered= 276.
Macedonian, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Macedonia. Total population covered= 1766.
Madurese, Indonesia. Total population covered= 9342.
Magars, Nepal. Total population covered= 464.
Maka, Equatorial Guinea, Congo, Cameroon. Total population covered= 663.
Makonde, Tanzania. Total population covered= 1669.
Makua, Mayotte, Comoros, Mozambique. Total population covered= 7561.
Malagasy, Mayotte, Seychelles, Madagascar. Total population covered= 3580.
Malawi, Mozambique. Total population covered= 1915.
Malay, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Brunei, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia. Total population covered= 14463.
Malay Christian, Philippines. Total population covered= 60892.
Malay Coastal, Indonesia. Total population covered= 23355.
Malay Muslim, Philippines. Total population covered= 2662.
Malinke, Guinea-Bissau, Gambia, Mali, Ivory Coast, Guinea. Total population covered= 3665.
Maltese, Malta. Total population covered= 345.
Mambwe, Zambia. Total population covered= 408.
Manchu-Tibetian, China. Total population covered= 12716.
Mandara, Cameroon. Total population covered= 715.
Mande, Burkina Faso. Total population covered= 861.
Mandingo, Senegal. Total population covered= 555.
Mandyako, Guinea-Bissau. Total population covered= 109.
Mano, Liberia. Total population covered= 204.
Manx (Norse-Celtic), Isle of Man. Total population covered= 1.
Manzan-Darani, Iran. Total population covered= 2277.
Maori, New Zealand. Total population covered= 312.
Maravi, Zambia, Malawi. Total population covered= 7801.
Masa, Chad. Total population covered= 138.
Masalit Maba, Chad. Total population covered= 377.
Maya, Belize. Total population covered= 20.
Mbaka, Central African Republic. Total population covered= 141.
Mbete, Congo, Gabon. Total population covered= 290.
Mbochi, Congo. Total population covered= 283.
Mbum, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Chad. Total population covered= 699.
Mbunda, Angola. Total population covered= 103.
Melanesian, Vanuatu, Pacific Island Trust, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea. Total population covered= 1016.
Mende, Sierra Leone. Total population covered= 1551.
Merina, Madagascar. Total population covered= 3525.
Meru, Kenya. Total population covered= 1565.
Mestizo, Vanuatu, Sao Tome E Principe, Guadeloupe, Belize, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Panama, Bolivia, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Peru, Chile, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico. Total population covered= 146017.
Miao Man, Laos. Total population covered= 235.
Micronesian, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia Federation. Total population covered= 181.
Mixed, St. Kitts and Nevis, Tuvalu, Cook Island, Kiribati, Dominica, Cayman Islands, St. Lucia, Grenada, Barbados, Bahamas, Aruba, Trinidad & Tobago, Cape Verde, Reunion. Total population covered= 1047.
Moldovan, Ukraine, Russia, Moldova. Total population covered= 4105.
Mon, Burma. Total population covered= 893.
Mon-Khmer, Laos. Total population covered= 226.
Monegasque, Monaco. Total population covered= 5.
Mongo, Zaire. Total population covered= 5478.
Mongol-Buryat, Mongolia. Total population covered= 39.
Mongol-Dariganga, Mongolia. Total population covered= 32.
Mongol-Dorbed, Mongolia. Total population covered= 63.
Mongol-Khalka, Mongolia. Total population covered= 1826.
Mongoloid, China, India. Total population covered= 31985.
Montenegroin, Serbia & Montenegro. Total population covered= 633.
Moor, Sri Lanka, Mauritania. Total population covered= 3052.
Moravians, Slovakia. Total population covered= 5.
Mossi, Ghana, Burkina Faso. Total population covered= 7289.
Mpongwe, Gabon. Total population covered= 183.
Mubi, Chad. Total population covered= 252.
Mulatto, Montserrat, Antigua & Barbuda, Turks and Caicos Islands, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Guyana, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique, Panama, Cuba, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Brazil. Total population covered= 49060.
Muong, Vietnam. Total population covered= 841.
Nama, Namibia. Total population covered= 78.
Nauruan, Nauru. Total population covered= 6.
Ndebele, Botswana, Zimbabwe. Total population covered= 1741.
Nepalese, Nepal. Total population covered= 12323.
Netherlander, Netherlands. Total population covered= 14573),
Newar, Nepal. Total population covered= 633.
Ngbandi, Central African Republic. Total population covered= 347.
Ngoni, Malawi. Total population covered= 717.
Nkole, Uganda. Total population covered= 1579.
Norman-French Descendants, Guernsey, Jersey. Total population covered= 119.
North-Western (Loz), Zambia. Total population covered= 895.
Norwegian, Faroe Islands, Norway. Total population covered= 4166.
Nuba, Sudan. Total population covered= 2222.
Nuer, Sudan. Total population covered= 1344.
Nung Sukuma, Vietnam. Total population covered= 771.
Nupe, Nigeria. Total population covered= 1278.
Nyamwezi (Galla), Tanzania. Total population covered= 6072.
Nyoros, Uganda. Total population covered= 616.
Ometo, Ethiopia. Total population covered= 1429.
Oromo, Ethiopia. Total population covered= 18683.
Ossete, Georgia. Total population covered= 176.
Ovambo, Namibia. Total population covered= 784.
Ovimbundu, Angola. Total population covered= 3827.
Pacific Islander, Nauru. Total population covered= 3.
Pakistani, Swaziland, Norway, Madagascar, Oman, Suriname, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, United Kingdom. Total population covered= 795.
Palauans, Pacific Island Trust. Total population covered= 6.
Palaung- Wa, Laos. Total population covered= 543.
Papuan New Guinea, Papua New Guinea. Total population covered= 3505.
Pashtun, Afghanistan. Total population covered= 10059.
Pepel, Guinea-Bissau. Total population covered= 103.
Persian, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Iran. Total population covered= 29027.
Polynesian, Vanuatu, Niue, Tokelau, Pacific Island Trust, Solomon Islands, Cook Island, Micronesia Federation, New Zealand, French Polynesia. Total population covered= 301.
Polynesian- Chinese, French Polynesia. Total population covered= 8.
Polynesian- European, Cook Island, French Polynesia. Total population covered= 22.
Polish, Slovakia, Latvia, Czech Republic, Canada, Ukraine, Lithuania, Germany, Belarus, Poland. Total population covered= 39689.
Portuguese, Swaziland, Andorra, Luxembourg, Macau, Canada, France, Portugal, Brazil. Total population covered= 34117.
Punjabi, Canada, Pakistan. Total population covered= 84616.
Punu, Congo, Gabon. Total population covered= 219.
Puyi, China. Total population covered= 2785.
Pygmy, Congo. Total population covered= 37.
Quechua, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru. Total population covered= 18453.
Rakhine, Burma. Total population covered= 2009.
Romanian, Hungary, Macedonia, Romania. Total population covered= 20721.
Romansch, Switzerland. Total population covered= 55.
Rundi, Burundi, Zaire. Total population covered= 1673.
Russian, Monaco, Bulgaria, Canada, Armenia, Tajikistan, Lithuania, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Moldova, Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Russia. Total population covered= 146614.
Ruthenian, Slovakia. Total population covered= 16.
Rwanda, Uganda, Zaire. Total population covered= 5360.
Saho, Eritrea. Total population covered= 104.
Sakalava, Madagascar. Total population covered= 848.
Samoan, Tokelau, American Samoa, United States, Western Samoa. Total population covered= 293.
Sanga, Congo. Total population covered= 66.
Sanmarinese, San Marino. Total population covered= 18.
Sara, Central African Republic. Total population covered= 229.
Scandinavian, Denmark, Faroe Islands. Total population covered= 72.
Senufo, Burkina Faso, Mali, Ivory Coast. Total population covered= 3704.
Serbian, Slovenia, Macedonia, Canada, Croatia, Bosnia & Hercgovenia, Serbia & Montenegro. Total population covered= 8754.
Serer, Senegal. Total population covered= 1349.
Servicais Tongas, Sao Tome E Principe. Total population covered= 76.
Shan, Burma. Total population covered= 3794.
Shilluk, Sudan. Total population covered= 549.
Shona, Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe. Total population covered= 9693.
Siamese, Thailand. Total population covered= 29899.
Sidamo, Ethiopia. Total population covered= 1270.
Sindhi, Pakistan. Total population covered= 16655.
Sinhalese, Maldives, Sri Lanka. Total population covered= 13347.
Slavic Muslims, Croatia, Bosnia and Hercgovenia. Total population covered= 1777.
Slovak, Hungary, Canada, Czech Republic, Slovakia. Total population covered= 4904.
Slovene, Croatia, Hungary, Slovenia. Total population covered= 1830.
Soga, Uganda. Total population covered= 1579.
Somali, Yemen, Ethiopia, Somalia. Total population covered= 10390.
Somba, Benin. Total population covered= 274.
Songhai, Niger, Mali. Total population covered= 1414.
Soninke, Mauritania, Gambia, Senegal, Mali. Total population covered= 1188.
Sotho, Lesotho, South Africa. Total population covered= 4629.
Sotho North, South Africa. Total population covered= 3957.
Spanish, Monaco, Gibraltar, Virgin Islands US, Portugal, Andorra, Canada, Switzerland, Germany, France, Ecuador, Brazil, Spain. Total population covered= 45699.
Sundanese, Indonesia. Total population covered= 29778.
Suriname, Netherlands Antilles. Total population covered= 5.
Susu, Guinea. Total population covered= 693.
Swahili, Mayotte, Tanzania. Total population covered= 2620.
Swazi, Swaziland. Total population covered= 690.
Swedish, Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden. Total population covered= 8155.
Swiss, other, Vatican City, Liechtenstein. Total population covered= 5.
Tahitian, New Caledonia. Total population covered= 7.
Tai, Laos, Vietnam. Total population covered= 1404.
Taiwanese (Dari), Taiwan. Total population covered= 17472.
Tajik, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan. Total population covered= 8643.
Tama, Chad. Total population covered= 377.
Tamang, Nepal. Total population covered= 739.
Tamil (Tubu), Sri Lanka. Total population covered= 3260.
Tatar, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Russia. Total population covered= 6700.
Teda, Chad. Total population covered= 437.
Teke, Congo, Zaire. Total population covered= 1537.
Tem-Kabre, Togo. Total population covered= 937.
Temne, Sierra Leone. Total population covered= 1411.
Teso, Uganda. Total population covered= 1714.
Thai, Vietnam. Total population covered= 841.
Tharu, Nepal. Total population covered= 760.
Tigre, Ethiopia, Eritrea. Total population covered= 2398.
Tigrinya, Eritrea, Ethiopia. Total population covered= 6292.
Tikar, Cameroon. Total population covered= 929.
Tiv, Nigeria. Total population covered= 2344.
Tonga, Zambia. Total population covered= 1339.
Tongan, American Samoa, Tonga. Total population covered= 95.
Toros, Uganda. Total population covered= 597.
Tribal, Bangladesh. Total population covered= 1223.
Tsimihety, Madagascar. Total population covered= 981.
Tsonga, Swaziland, Mozambique. Total population covered= 3739.
Tswana, South Africa. Total population covered= 2374.
Tuareg, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali. Total population covered= 1319.
Tukolor, Mauritania, Senegal. Total population covered= 830.
Tumbuka, Zambia. Total population covered= 408.
Turkish, Jordan, Denmark, Switzerland, Greece, Austria, Macedonia, Belgium, Cyprus, Netherlands, Bulgaria, Germany, Turkey. Total population covered= 54249.
Turkmen, Turkey, Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan. Total population covered= 4959.
Tutsi, Rwanda, Burundi. Total population covered= 1538.
Tuvaluan, Kiribati, Tuvalu. Total population covered= 10.
Twa, Burundi, Rwanda. Total population covered= 138.
Uighur, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan. Total population covered= 234.
Ukrainian, Slovakia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Estonia, Romania, Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Canada, Poland, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine. Total population covered= 45794.
Urdu, Pakistan. Total population covered= 9737.
Uzbek, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan. Total population covered= 19892.
Vanuatuan, Vanuatu. Total population covered= 156.
Vietnamese, New Caledonia, Norway, Canada, Cambodia, United States, Vietnam. Total population covered= 62635.
Wallon, Belgium. Total population covered= 3303.
White Non-Native (other), Dominica, St. Kitts and Nevis, American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Grenada, St. Lucia, Turks and Caicos Islands, British Virgin Islands, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Cape Verde, Haiti, St. Helena, Barbados, Belize, Guadeloupe, Netherlands Antilles, Cayman Islands, Trinidad & Tobago, Virgin Islands US, Bermuda, Bahamas, El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, Namibia, Guatemala, Panama, Nicaragua, Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Colombia, South Africa, Cuba, Mexico, Australia, Brazil, United States. Total population covered= 270905.
Wolof, Gambia, Mauritania, Senegal. Total population covered= 3140.
Xhosa, South Africa. Total population covered= 3957.
Yalunka, Sierra Leone. Total population covered= 158.
Yao, Mozambique, Malawi, China. Total population covered= 4199.
Yi-Miao, China. Total population covered= 13684.
Yoruba, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria. Total population covered= 23358.
Yugoslav, Denmark, Macedonia, Austria, Germany,. Total population covered= 833.
Zambo, Nicaragua. Total population covered= 207.
Zulu, Swaziland, Niger, South Africa. Total population covered= 1086.
Appendix B
LIST OF COUNTRIES
The populations of the following countries and territories are those we used in the estimation methodology described here. The population in 1994, in thousands, and the percent of that population for which ethnic groups were included are reported -- (100 less this percent is classified as “other”); all figures are rounded
|
% of |
|||
|
Countries |
Pop. |
Pop. in |
|
|
in Survey |
in 1994 |
Survey |
|
|
Afghanistan |
19234.00 |
95.90 |
|
|
Albania |
3331.00 |
98.80 |
|
|
Algeria |
27107.50 |
99.70 |
|
|
American Samoa |
53.07 |
94.00 |
|
|
Andorra |
53.00 |
95.70 |
|
|
Angola |
10287.00 |
100.00 |
|
|
Anguilla |
7.50 |
70.00 |
|
|
Antigua & Barb. |
65.50 |
99.20 |
|
|
Argentina |
33487.50 |
100.00 |
|
|
Armenia |
3573.50 |
100.00 |
|
|
Aruba |
63.56 |
80.00 |
|
|
Australia |
17845.00 |
99.30 |
|
|
Austria |
7817.00 |
98.30 |
|
|
Azerbaijan |
7345.50 |
99.20 |
|
|
Bahamas |
286.00 |
100.00 |
|
|
Bahrain |
531.50 |
99.00 |
|
|
Bangladesh |
122250.50 |
100.00 |
|
|
Barbados |
280.00 |
98.00 |
|
|
Belarus |
10302.00 |
100.00 |
|
|
Belgium |
10010.00 |
98.00 |
|
|
Belize |
200.00 |
96.90 |
|
|
Benin |
5067.50 |
93.60 |
|
|
Bermuda |
61.84 |
98.00 |
|
|
Bhutan |
1644.50 |
92.50 |
|
|
Bolivia |
7844.00 |
88.00 |
|
|
Bosnia and Herz. |
4334.00 |
88.00 |
|
|
Botswana |
1346.00 |
95.10 |
|
|
Brazil |
156100.00 |
98.80 |
|
|
British Virgin Isl. |
15.35 |
70.00 |
|
|
Brunei |
291.00 |
98.40 |
|
|
Bulgaria |
8951.50 |
99.50 |
|
|
Burkina Faso |
9784.50 |
97.20 |
|
|
Burma |
44636.50 |
92.20 |
|
|
Burundi |
5984.00 |
100.00 |
|
|
Cambodia |
9011.00 |
97.30 |
|
|
Cameroon |
12552.50 |
85.50 |
|
|
Canada |
28173.50 |
95.15 |
|
|
Cape Verde |
403.50 |
100.00 |
|
|
Cayman Islands |
31.22 |
100.00 |
|
|
Ctrl African Rep. |
3272.00 |
91.30 |
|
|
Chad |
5991.50 |
96.40 |
|
|
Chile |
13813.00 |
88.40 |
|
|
China |
1211009.00 |
100.00 |
|
|
Christmas Island |
1.68 |
97.00 |
|
|
Cocos (Keel.) Isl. |
0.59 |
100.00 |
|
|
Colombia |
33972.50 |
100.00 |
|
|
Comoros |
615.00 |
98.90 |
|
|
Congo |
2457.50 |
94.10 |
|
|
Cook Island |
17.95 |
99.10 |
|
|
Costa Rica |
3273.50 |
99.00 |
|
|
Croatia |
4848.00 |
92.50 |
|
|
Cuba |
10900.00 |
99.90 |
|
|
Cyprus |
718 | ||
